Internet and Web Technology (Basic Internet)
What is Internet?
The Internet is a global wide area network that connects
computer systems across the world. It includes several high-bandwidth data
lines that comprise the Internet "backbone." These lines are
connected to major Internet hubs that distribute data to other locations, such
as web servers and ISPs.
In order to connect to the Internet, you must have access to
an Internet service provider (ISP), which acts the middleman between you and
the Internet. Most ISPs offer broadband Internet access via a cable, DSL, or
fiber connection. When you connect to the Internet using a public Wi-Fi signal,
the Wi-Fi router is still connected to an ISP that provides Internet access.
Even cellular data towers must connect to an Internet service provider to provide
connected devices with access to the Internet.
The Internet provides different online services. Some
examples include:
Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view
with a web browser
Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages
online
Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share
comments, photos, and videos
Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and
against each other over the Internet
Software updates – operating system and application updates
can typically downloaded from the Internet
In the early days of the Internet, most people connected to
the Internet using a home computer and a dial-up modem. DSL and cable modems
eventually provided users with "always-on" connections. Now mobile
devices, such as tablets and smartphones, make it possible for people to be
connected to the Internet at all times. The Internet of Things has turned
common appliances and home systems into "smart" devices that can be
monitored and controlled over the Internet. As the Internet continues to grow
and evolve, you can expect it to become an even more integral part of daily
life.
What is TCP/IP ?
TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol, is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network
devices on the internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol
in a private network (an intranet or an extranet). TCP/IP specifies how data is
exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end communications that
identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed
and received at the destination. TCP/IP requires little central management, and
it is designed to make networks reliable, with the ability to recover
automatically from the failure of any device on the network.
The two main protocols in the internet protocol suite serve
specific functions. TCP defines how applications can create channels of
communication across a network. It also manages how a message is assembled into
smaller packets before they are then transmitted over the internet and
reassembled in the right order at the destination address.
IP defines how to address and route each packet to make sure
it reaches the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks
this IP address to determine where to forward the message.
Explain TCP/IP model layers and its services?
TCP/IP functionality is divided into four layers, each of
which include specific protocols.
The application layer provides
applications with standardized data exchange. Its protocols include the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office
Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP).
The transport layer is responsible
for maintaining end-to-end communications across the network. TCP handles
communications between hosts and provides flow control, multiplexing and
reliability. The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol
(UDP), which is sometimes used instead of TCP for special purposes.
The network layer, also
called the internet layer, deals with packets and connects independent networks
to transport the packets across network boundaries. The network layer protocols
are the IP and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which is used for
error reporting.
The physical layer consists
of protocols that operate only on a link -- the network component that
interconnects nodes or hosts in the network. The protocols in this layer
include Ethernet for local area networks (LANs) and the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP).
Importance of TCP/IP
TCP/IP is nonproprietary and, as a result, is not controlled
by any single company. Therefore, the internet protocol suite can be modified
easily. It is compatible with all operating systems, so it can communicate with
any other system. The internet protocol suite is also compatible with all types
of computer hardware and networks.
Explain Internet Domain?
An Internet domain is a collection of data describing a
self-contained administrative and technical unit on the Internet, according to
the principles of the DNS system. This data can comprise the address of a
computer, a resource or a service on the domain (www, e-mail, FTP), the name
and address of the DNS server, security data for DNSSEC and more. Global
visibility of an Internet domain is provided for by the DNS service.
In simple terms, the
Internet domain is part of a system in which Internet addresses are linked to
specific locations on the Internet – servers, websites, e-mail servers etc. An
Internet domain name is your own Internet address which you have registered as
part of a national or international Internet domain (e.g. the Internet address
rnids.rs within the .RS domain). It is an integral part of a website and e-mail
address and thus identifies you on the Internet. In everyday use the term
“Internet domain is also used when referring to an Internet domain name.
Explain the steps to register a Domain?
Domain Name Registration Proces :-
After you have chosen a domain name, you will need to submit
your domain name registration request to a registrar.
You will need to submit the following information to the
registrar: the desired domain name
The name and contact information (including email address,
physical address and contact phone number) for the domain's registrant,
administrative and billing contacts.
the desired domain registration term
payment information
Once you have provided your registrar with all these
information, they will then initiate the domain name registration process for
you. The registrar will send your domain name request, and the contact and
technical information of the domain name to the registry.
The registry files the contact information for the Whois.
The registry also adds your domain zone files to the master servers. These
master servers tell other servers on the Internet where your website is stored.
Your domain is considered registered and ready-to-use when
all information has been updated.
What is Web Server and Web Client?
Web Server:
Web server is basically system the deals with the client’s
request and provides a client with web pages by Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) and files via File Transfer Protocol (FTP). URL (universal resource
locator) is basically the address where you want to receive data from. When you
type a URL in address bar of your web browser, the web server sends a request
to the location where the domain name of this URL is saved. Then the
information you requested (i.e. the webpage) is accessed and provided you by a
server. This is how it works. So, we can conclude that the processing and
providing a webpage to the client is the main duty of a web server.
Web Client:
The web client can be said as an application or web browser
(like Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera, Firefox, Safari) which is
installed in a computer and used to interact with Web servers upon user’s
request. It is basically a consumer application which collects processed data
from servers. A Client and a Server are two parts of a connection, these are
two distinct machines, web client requests information, and the web server is
basically a PC that is designed to accept requests from remote computers and
send on the information requested. Web server is responsible for storing the
information in order to be viewed by the clients and is also usually a Web
Host. A Web host allows connections to the server to view said stored info.
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